volumevariables.hh

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/*!
 * \file
 * \ingroup NIModel
 * \brief Base class for the model specific class which provides
 *        access to all volume averaged quantities.
 */

#ifndef DUMUX_ENERGY_VOLUME_VARIABLES_HH
#define DUMUX_ENERGY_VOLUME_VARIABLES_HH

#include <type_traits>
#include <dune/common/std/type_traits.hh>

#include <dumux/material/solidsystems/1csolid.hh>
#include <dumux/porousmediumflow/volumevariables.hh>

namespace Dumux {

#ifndef DOXYGEN
namespace Detail {
// helper structs and functions detecting if the user-defined spatial params class has user-specified functions
// for solidHeatCapacity, solidDensity, and solidThermalConductivity.

template <typename T, typename ...Ts>
using SolidHeatCapacityDetector = decltype(std::declval<T>().solidHeatCapacity(std::declval<Ts>()...));

template<class T, typename ...Args>
static constexpr bool hasSolidHeatCapacity()
{ return Dune::Std::is_detected<SolidHeatCapacityDetector, T, Args...>::value; }

template <typename T, typename ...Ts>
using SolidDensityDetector = decltype(std::declval<T>().solidDensity(std::declval<Ts>()...));

template<class T, typename ...Args>
static constexpr bool hasSolidDensity()
{ return Dune::Std::is_detected<SolidDensityDetector, T, Args...>::value; }

template <typename T, typename ...Ts>
using SolidThermalConductivityDetector = decltype(std::declval<T>().solidThermalConductivity(std::declval<Ts>()...));

template<class T, typename ...Args>
static constexpr bool hasSolidThermalConductivity()
{ return Dune::Std::is_detected<SolidThermalConductivityDetector, T, Args...>::value; }

template<class SolidSystem>
struct isInertSolidPhase : public std::false_type {};

template<class Scalar, class Component>
struct isInertSolidPhase<SolidSystems::InertSolidPhase<Scalar, Component>> : public std::true_type {};

} // end namespace Detail
#endif


// forward declaration
template <class IsothermalTraits, class Impl, bool enableEnergyBalance>
class EnergyVolumeVariablesImplementation;

/*!
 * \ingroup NIModel
 * \brief Base class for the model specific class which provides
 *        access to all volume averaged quantities.
 *
 * The volume variables base class is specialized for isothermal and non-isothermal models.
 */
template<class IsothermalTraits, class Impl>
using EnergyVolumeVariables = EnergyVolumeVariablesImplementation<IsothermalTraits,Impl, IsothermalTraits::ModelTraits::enableEnergyBalance()>;

/*!
 * \ingroup NIModel
 * \brief The isothermal base class
 */
template<class IsothermalTraits, class Impl>
class EnergyVolumeVariablesImplementation<IsothermalTraits, Impl, false>
{
    using Scalar = typename IsothermalTraits::PrimaryVariables::value_type;

public:
    using FluidState = typename IsothermalTraits::FluidState;
    using SolidState = typename IsothermalTraits::SolidState;
    using FluidSystem = typename IsothermalTraits::FluidSystem;

    //! The temperature is obtained from the problem as a constant for isothermal models
    template<class ElemSol, class Problem, class Element, class Scv>
    void updateTemperature(const ElemSol& elemSol,
                           const Problem& problem,
                           const Element& element,
                           const Scv& scv,
                           FluidState& fluidState,
                           SolidState& solidState)
    {
        // retrieve temperature from solution vector, all phases have the same temperature
        Scalar T = problem.temperatureAtPos(scv.dofPosition());
        for(int phaseIdx=0; phaseIdx < FluidSystem::numPhases; ++phaseIdx)
        {
            fluidState.setTemperature(phaseIdx, T);
        }
        solidState.setTemperature(T);
    }

    template<class ElemSol, class Problem, class Element, class Scv>
    void updateSolidEnergyParams(const ElemSol &elemSol,
                                 const Problem& problem,
                                 const Element &element,
                                 const Scv &scv,
                                 SolidState & solidState)
    {}

    //! The phase enthalpy is zero for isothermal models
    //! This is needed for completing the fluid state
    template<class FluidState, class ParameterCache>
    static Scalar enthalpy(const FluidState& fluidState,
                           const ParameterCache& paramCache,
                           const int phaseIdx)
    {
        return 0;
    }

    //! The effective thermal conductivity is zero for isothermal models
    void updateEffectiveThermalConductivity()
    {}

};

//! The non-isothermal implicit volume variables base class
template<class Traits, class Impl>
class EnergyVolumeVariablesImplementation<Traits, Impl, true>
{
    using Scalar = typename Traits::PrimaryVariables::value_type;
    using Idx = typename Traits::ModelTraits::Indices;
    using ParentType = PorousMediumFlowVolumeVariables<Traits>;
    using EffCondModel = typename Traits::EffectiveThermalConductivityModel;

    static constexpr int temperatureIdx = Idx::temperatureIdx;
    static constexpr int numEnergyEq = Traits::ModelTraits::numEnergyEq();

    static constexpr bool fullThermalEquilibrium = (numEnergyEq == 1);
    static constexpr bool fluidThermalEquilibrium = (numEnergyEq == 2);

public:
    // export the fluidstate
    using FluidState = typename Traits::FluidState;
    //! export the underlying fluid system
    using FluidSystem = typename Traits::FluidSystem;
    //! Export the indices
    using Indices = Idx;
    // export the solidstate
    using SolidState = typename Traits::SolidState;
    //! export the underlying solid system
    using SolidSystem = typename Traits::SolidSystem;

    //! The temperature is obtained from the problem as a constant for isothermal models
    template<class ElemSol, class Problem, class Element, class Scv>
    void updateTemperature(const ElemSol& elemSol,
                           const Problem& problem,
                           const Element& element,
                           const Scv& scv,
                           FluidState& fluidState,
                           SolidState& solidState)
    {
        if constexpr (fullThermalEquilibrium)
        {
            // retrieve temperature from solution vector, all phases have the same temperature
            const Scalar T = elemSol[scv.localDofIndex()][temperatureIdx];
            for(int phaseIdx=0; phaseIdx < FluidSystem::numPhases; ++phaseIdx)
            {
                fluidState.setTemperature(phaseIdx, T);
            }
            solidState.setTemperature(T);
        }

        else
        {
            // this means we have 1 temp for fluid phase, one for solid
            if constexpr (fluidThermalEquilibrium)
            {
                const Scalar T = elemSol[scv.localDofIndex()][temperatureIdx];
                for(int phaseIdx=0; phaseIdx < FluidSystem::numPhases; ++phaseIdx)
                {
                    fluidState.setTemperature(phaseIdx, T);
                }
            }
            // this is for numEnergyEqFluid > 1
            else
            {
                for(int phaseIdx=0; phaseIdx < FluidSystem::numPhases; ++phaseIdx)
                {
                    // retrieve temperatures from solution vector, phases might have different temperature
                    const Scalar T = elemSol[scv.localDofIndex()][temperatureIdx + phaseIdx];
                    fluidState.setTemperature(phaseIdx, T);
                }
            }
            const Scalar solidTemperature = elemSol[scv.localDofIndex()][temperatureIdx+numEnergyEq-1];
            solidState.setTemperature(solidTemperature);
        }
    }

    template<class ElemSol, class Problem, class Element, class Scv>
    void updateSolidEnergyParams(const ElemSol &elemSol,
                                 const Problem& problem,
                                 const Element &element,
                                 const Scv &scv,
                                 SolidState & solidState)
    {
        Scalar cs = solidHeatCapacity_(elemSol, problem, element, scv, solidState);
        solidState.setHeatCapacity(cs);

        Scalar rhos = solidDensity_(elemSol, problem, element, scv, solidState);
        solidState.setDensity(rhos);

        Scalar lambdas = solidThermalConductivity_(elemSol, problem, element, scv, solidState);
        solidState.setThermalConductivity(lambdas);
    }

    // updates the effective thermal conductivity
    void updateEffectiveThermalConductivity()
    {
        if constexpr (fullThermalEquilibrium)
        {
            // Full Thermal Equilibirum: One effectiveThermalConductivity value for all phases (solid & fluid).
            lambdaEff_[0] = EffCondModel::effectiveThermalConductivity(asImp_());
        }
        else if constexpr (fluidThermalEquilibrium)
        {
            // Fluid Thermal Equilibrium (Partial Nonequilibrium): One effectiveThermalConductivity for the fluids, one for the solids.
            Scalar fluidLambda = 0.0;
            for (int phaseIdx = 0; phaseIdx < FluidSystem::numPhases; phaseIdx++)
                fluidLambda += fluidThermalConductivity(phaseIdx) * asImp_().saturation(phaseIdx) * asImp_().porosity();

            lambdaEff_[0] = fluidLambda;
            lambdaEff_[numEnergyEq-1] = solidThermalConductivity() * (1.0 - asImp_().porosity());
        }
        else
        {
            // Full Thermal Nonequilibrium: One effectiveThermal Conductivity per phase (solid & fluid).
            for (int phaseIdx = 0; phaseIdx < FluidSystem::numPhases; phaseIdx++)
                lambdaEff_[phaseIdx] = fluidThermalConductivity(phaseIdx) * asImp_().saturation(phaseIdx) * asImp_().porosity();
            lambdaEff_[numEnergyEq-1] = solidThermalConductivity() * (1.0 - asImp_().porosity());
        }
    }

    /*!
     * \brief Returns the total internal energy of a phase in the
     *        sub-control volume.
     *
     * \param phaseIdx The phase index
     */
    Scalar internalEnergy(const int phaseIdx) const
    { return asImp_().fluidState().internalEnergy(phaseIdx); }

    /*!
     * \brief Returns the total enthalpy of a phase in the sub-control
     *        volume.
     *
     * \param phaseIdx The phase index
     */
    Scalar enthalpy(const int phaseIdx) const
    { return asImp_().fluidState().enthalpy(phaseIdx); }

    /*!
     * \brief Returns the temperature in fluid / solid phase(s)
     *        the sub-control volume.
     */
    Scalar temperatureSolid() const
    { return asImp_().solidState().temperature(); }


    /*!
     * \brief Returns the temperature of a fluid phase assuming thermal nonequilibrium
     *        the sub-control volume.
     * \param phaseIdx The local index of the phases
     */
    Scalar temperatureFluid(const int phaseIdx) const
    { return asImp_().fluidState().temperature(phaseIdx); }

    /*!
     * \brief Returns the total heat capacity \f$\mathrm{[J/(kg K)]}\f$ of the rock matrix in
     *        the sub-control volume.
     */
    Scalar solidHeatCapacity() const
    { return asImp_().solidState().heatCapacity(); }

    /*!
     * \brief Returns the mass density \f$\mathrm{[kg/m^3]}\f$ of the rock matrix in
     *        the sub-control volume.
     */
    Scalar solidDensity() const
    {  return  asImp_().solidState().density(); }

    /*!
     * \brief Returns the thermal conductivity \f$\mathrm{[W/(m*K)]}\f$
     *        of the solid phase in the sub-control volume.
     */
    Scalar solidThermalConductivity() const
    { return asImp_().solidState().thermalConductivity(); }

    /*!
     * \brief Returns the thermal conductivity \f$\mathrm{[W/(m*K)]}\f$
     *        of a fluid phase in the sub-control volume.
     */
    Scalar fluidThermalConductivity(const int phaseIdx) const
    { return FluidSystem::thermalConductivity(asImp_().fluidState(), phaseIdx); }

    /*!
     * \brief Returns the effective thermal conductivity \f$\mathrm{[W/(m*K)]}\f$ in
     *        the sub-control volume. Specific to equilibirum models (case fullThermalEquilibrium).
     */
    template< bool enable = fullThermalEquilibrium,
              std::enable_if_t<enable, int> = 0>
    Scalar effectiveThermalConductivity() const
    { return lambdaEff_[0]; }

    /*!
     * \brief Returns the effective thermal conductivity \f$\mathrm{[W/(m*K)]}\f$ of the fluids in
     *        the sub-control volume. Specific to partially nonequilibrium models (case fluidThermalEquilibrium).
     */
    template< bool enable = fluidThermalEquilibrium,
              std::enable_if_t<enable, int> = 0>
    Scalar effectiveFluidThermalConductivity() const
    { return lambdaEff_[0]; }

    /*!
     * \brief Returns the effective thermal conductivity \f$\mathrm{[W/(m*K)]}\f$
     *        of the solid phase in the sub-control volume.
     *        Specific to partially nonequilibrium models (case fluidThermalEquilibrium)
     */
    template< bool enable = fluidThermalEquilibrium,
              std::enable_if_t<enable, int> = 0>
    Scalar effectiveSolidThermalConductivity() const
    { return lambdaEff_[numEnergyEq-1]; }

    /*!
     * \brief Returns the effective thermal conductivity \f$\mathrm{[W/(m*K)]}\f$
     *        per fluid phase in the sub-control volume.
     *        Specific to nonequilibrium models (case full non-equilibrium)
     */
    template< bool enable = (!fullThermalEquilibrium && !fluidThermalEquilibrium),
              std::enable_if_t<enable, int> = 0>
    Scalar effectivePhaseThermalConductivity(const int phaseIdx) const
    { return lambdaEff_[phaseIdx]; }

    //! The phase enthalpy is zero for isothermal models
    //! This is needed for completing the fluid state
    template<class ParameterCache>
    static Scalar enthalpy(const FluidState& fluidState,
                           const ParameterCache& paramCache,
                           const int phaseIdx)
    {
        return FluidSystem::enthalpy(fluidState, paramCache, phaseIdx);
    }

protected:
    const Impl &asImp_() const { return *static_cast<const Impl*>(this); }
    Impl &asImp_() { return *static_cast<Impl*>(this); }

private:
    /*!
     * It has to be decided if the full solid system / solid state interface is used (general option, but more complicated),
     * or the simple nonisothermal spatial params interface (simpler but less general).
     * In the simple nonisothermal spatial params interface the functions solidHeatCapacity, solidDensity, and solidThermalConductivity
     * in the spatial params overwrite the parameters given in the solid system. This only makes sense in combination
     * with the simplest solid system InertSolidPhase, and can be used to quickly change parameters in certain domain regions.
     * For setups with more general solids with several components these functions should not exist. Instead, the solid system
     * determines the values for solidHeatCapacity, solidDensity, and solidThermalConductivity depending on the given composition.
     */

    /*!
     * \name Access functions for the solidsystem / solidstate interface
     */
    // \{

    /*!
     * \brief Gets the solid heat capacity in an scv.
     *
     * \param elemSol the element solution vector
     * \param problem the problem to solve
     * \param element the element (codim-0-entity) the scv belongs to
     * \param scv the sub control volume
     * \param solidState the solid state
     * \note this gets selected if the user uses the solidsystem / solidstate interface
     */
    template<class ElemSol, class Problem, class Element, class Scv,
             std::enable_if_t<!Detail::hasSolidHeatCapacity<typename Problem::SpatialParams, Element, Scv, ElemSol, SolidState>(), int> = 0>
    Scalar solidHeatCapacity_(const ElemSol& elemSol,
                              const Problem& problem,
                              const Element& element,
                              const Scv& scv,
                              const SolidState& solidState)
    {
        return SolidSystem::heatCapacity(solidState);
    }

    /*!
     * \brief Gets the solid density in an scv.
     *
     * \param elemSol the element solution vector
     * \param problem the problem to solve
     * \param element the element (codim-0-entity) the scv belongs to
     * \param scv the sub control volume
     * \param solidState the solid state
     * \note this gets selected if the user uses the solidsystem / solidstate interface
     */
    template<class ElemSol, class Problem, class Element, class Scv,
             std::enable_if_t<!Detail::hasSolidDensity<typename Problem::SpatialParams, Element, Scv, ElemSol, SolidState>(), int> = 0>
    Scalar solidDensity_(const ElemSol& elemSol,
                         const Problem& problem,
                         const Element& element,
                         const Scv& scv,
                         const SolidState& solidState)
    {
        return SolidSystem::density(solidState);
    }

    /*!
     * \brief Gets the solid's thermal conductivity in an scv.
     *
     * \param elemSol the element solution vector
     * \param problem the problem to solve
     * \param element the element (codim-0-entity) the scv belongs to
     * \param scv the sub control volume
     * \param solidState the solid state
     * \note this gets selected if the user uses the solidsystem / solidstate interface
     */
    template<class ElemSol, class Problem, class Element, class Scv,
             std::enable_if_t<!Detail::hasSolidThermalConductivity<typename Problem::SpatialParams, Element, Scv, ElemSol, SolidState>(), int> = 0>
    Scalar solidThermalConductivity_(const ElemSol& elemSol,
                                     const Problem& problem,
                                     const Element& element,
                                     const Scv& scv,
                                     const SolidState& solidState)
    {
        return SolidSystem::thermalConductivity(solidState);
    }

    // \}

    /*!
     * \name Access functions for the simple nonisothermal spatial params interface in
     *       combination with an InertSolidPhase as solid system
     */
    // \{

    /*!
     * \brief Gets the solid heat capacity in an scv.
     *
     * \param elemSol the element solution vector
     * \param problem the problem to solve
     * \param element the element (codim-0-entity) the scv belongs to
     * \param scv the sub control volume
     * \param solidState the solid state
     * \note this gets selected if the user uses the simple spatial params interface in
     *       combination with an InertSolidPhase as solid system
     */
    template<class ElemSol, class Problem, class Element, class Scv,
             std::enable_if_t<Detail::hasSolidHeatCapacity<typename Problem::SpatialParams, Element, Scv, ElemSol, SolidState>(), int> = 0>
    Scalar solidHeatCapacity_(const ElemSol& elemSol,
                              const Problem& problem,
                              const Element& element,
                              const Scv& scv,
                              const SolidState& solidState)
    {
        static_assert(Detail::isInertSolidPhase<SolidSystem>::value,
            "solidHeatCapacity can only be overwritten in the spatial params when the solid system is a simple InertSolidPhase\n"
            "If you select a proper solid system, the solid heat capacity will be computed as stated in the solid system!");
        return problem.spatialParams().solidHeatCapacity(element, scv, elemSol, solidState);
    }

    /*!
     * \brief Gets the solid density in an scv.
     *
     * \param elemSol the element solution vector
     * \param problem the problem to solve
     * \param element the element (codim-0-entity) the scv belongs to
     * \param scv the sub control volume
     * \param solidState the solid state
     * \note this gets selected if the user uses the simple spatial params interface in
     *       combination with an InertSolidPhase as solid system
     */
    template<class ElemSol, class Problem, class Element, class Scv,
             std::enable_if_t<Detail::hasSolidDensity<typename Problem::SpatialParams, Element, Scv, ElemSol, SolidState>(), int> = 0>
    Scalar solidDensity_(const ElemSol& elemSol,
                         const Problem& problem,
                         const Element& element,
                         const Scv& scv,
                         const SolidState& solidState)
    {
        static_assert(Detail::isInertSolidPhase<SolidSystem>::value,
            "solidDensity can only be overwritten in the spatial params when the solid system is a simple InertSolidPhase\n"
            "If you select a proper solid system, the solid density will be computed as stated in the solid system!");
        return problem.spatialParams().solidDensity(element, scv, elemSol, solidState);
    }

    /*!
     * \brief Gets the solid's heat capacity in an scv.
     *
     * \param elemSol the element solution vector
     * \param problem the problem to solve
     * \param element the element (codim-0-entity) the scv belongs to
     * \param scv the sub control volume
     * \param solidState the solid state
     * \note this gets selected if the user uses the simple spatial params interface in
     *       combination with an InertSolidPhase as solid system
     */
    template<class ElemSol, class Problem, class Element, class Scv,
             std::enable_if_t<Detail::hasSolidThermalConductivity<typename Problem::SpatialParams, Element, Scv, ElemSol, SolidState>(), int> = 0>
    Scalar solidThermalConductivity_(const ElemSol& elemSol,
                                     const Problem& problem,
                                     const Element& element,
                                     const Scv& scv,
                                     const SolidState& solidState)
    {
        static_assert(Detail::isInertSolidPhase<SolidSystem>::value,
            "solidThermalConductivity can only be overwritten in the spatial params when the solid system is a simple InertSolidPhase\n"
            "If you select a proper solid system, the solid thermal conductivity will be computed as stated in the solid system!");
        return problem.spatialParams().solidThermalConductivity(element, scv, elemSol, solidState);
    }

    std::array<Scalar, numEnergyEq> lambdaEff_;
    // \}

};

} // end namespace Dumux

#endif