diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index 365eabf1a7596aa12003673a0959591d39e88c58..99e923fcc8a3ac36f10ab0457502edf2d72febba 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -6,6 +6,7 @@ Differences Between DuMu<sup>x</sup> 3.10 and DuMu<sup>x</sup> 3.9
 ### Improvements and Enhancements
 
 - __Grid I/O__: The vtu/vtp reader now allows to read unstructured grid from (ASCII) vtu/vtp files with e.g. dune-alugrid, dune-uggrid. Grid data can also be handled in parallel. Like for the GmshReader, the grid and data is read on rank 0 and then broadcasted for now.
+- __Multidomain boundary__: A init function was added to coupling managers of free-flow porenetwork as well as free-flow porousmedium to allow for transient problems.
 
 ### Immediate interface changes not allowing/requiring a deprecation period:
 
diff --git a/dumux/multidomain/boundary/freeflowporenetwork/couplingmanager.hh b/dumux/multidomain/boundary/freeflowporenetwork/couplingmanager.hh
index 2386f22da2a42650e6a8242db3e32baabe0b9846..2b4f338e0920995740bed0ee7f38bd7fa227c7c7 100644
--- a/dumux/multidomain/boundary/freeflowporenetwork/couplingmanager.hh
+++ b/dumux/multidomain/boundary/freeflowporenetwork/couplingmanager.hh
@@ -173,6 +173,10 @@ class FreeFlowPoreNetworkCouplingManager
     template<std::size_t id> using Element = typename GridView<id>::template Codim<0>::Entity;
     using SolutionVector = typename MDTraits::SolutionVector;
 
+    template<std::size_t id>
+    using SubSolutionVector
+        = std::decay_t<decltype(std::declval<SolutionVector>()[Dune::index_constant<id>()])>;
+
     using CouplingConditions = FreeFlowPoreNetworkCouplingConditions<MDTraits, FreeFlowPoreNetworkCouplingManager<MDTraits>>;
     using CouplingMapper = StaggeredFreeFlowPoreNetworkCouplingMapper;
 
@@ -195,38 +199,36 @@ public:
               GridVarsTuple&& gridVarsTuple,
               const SolutionVector& curSol)
     {
-        this->updateSolution(curSol); // generic coupling manager stores tuple of shared_ptr
-
-        auto couplingMapper = std::make_shared<CouplingMapper>();
-        couplingMapper->update(freeFlowMomentumProblem->gridGeometry(),
-            freeFlowMassProblem->gridGeometry(),
-            poreNetworkProblem->gridGeometry()
-        );
+        // initialize sub coupling manager that are not stationary or transient problem specific
+        this->init_(freeFlowMomentumProblem, freeFlowMassProblem, poreNetworkProblem, std::forward<GridVarsTuple>(gridVarsTuple), curSol);
 
-        // initialize the binary sub coupling managers
-        typename SubCouplingManager<freeFlowMomentumIndex, freeFlowMassIndex>::SolutionVectorStorage ffSolVecTuple;
-        std::get<0>(ffSolVecTuple) = std::get<freeFlowMomentumIndex>(this->curSol());
-        std::get<1>(ffSolVecTuple) = std::get<freeFlowMassIndex>(this->curSol());
+        // initialize stationary-specific sub coupling manager for free-flow
+        using FFSol = typename SubCouplingManager<freeFlowMomentumIndex, freeFlowMassIndex>::SolutionVectorStorage;
         this->subCouplingManager(freeFlowMomentumIndex, freeFlowMassIndex).init(
             freeFlowMomentumProblem, freeFlowMassProblem,
             std::make_tuple(std::get<freeFlowMomentumIndex>(gridVarsTuple), std::get<freeFlowMassIndex>(gridVarsTuple)),
-            ffSolVecTuple
+            FFSol{ std::get<freeFlowMomentumIndex>(this->curSol()), std::get<freeFlowMassIndex>(this->curSol()) }
         );
+    }
 
-        typename SubCouplingManager<freeFlowMassIndex, poreNetworkIndex>::SolutionVectorStorage ffMassPmSolVecTuple;
-        std::get<0>(ffMassPmSolVecTuple) = std::get<freeFlowMassIndex>(this->curSol());
-        std::get<1>(ffMassPmSolVecTuple) = std::get<poreNetworkIndex>(this->curSol());
-        this->subCouplingManager(freeFlowMassIndex, poreNetworkIndex).init(
-            freeFlowMassProblem, poreNetworkProblem, couplingMapper, ffMassPmSolVecTuple
-        );
+    template<class GridVarsTuple>
+    void init(std::shared_ptr<Problem<freeFlowMomentumIndex>> freeFlowMomentumProblem,
+              std::shared_ptr<Problem<freeFlowMassIndex>> freeFlowMassProblem,
+              std::shared_ptr<Problem<poreNetworkIndex>> poreNetworkProblem,
+              GridVarsTuple&& gridVarsTuple,
+              const SolutionVector& curSol,
+              const SolutionVector& prevSol)
+    {
+        // initialize sub coupling manager that are not stationary or transient problem specific
+        this->init_(freeFlowMomentumProblem, freeFlowMassProblem, poreNetworkProblem, std::forward<GridVarsTuple>(gridVarsTuple), curSol);
 
-        typename SubCouplingManager<freeFlowMomentumIndex, poreNetworkIndex>::SolutionVectorStorage ffMomentumPmSolVecTuple;
-        std::get<0>(ffMomentumPmSolVecTuple) = std::get<freeFlowMomentumIndex>(this->curSol());
-        std::get<1>(ffMomentumPmSolVecTuple) = std::get<poreNetworkIndex>(this->curSol());
-        this->subCouplingManager(freeFlowMomentumIndex, poreNetworkIndex).init(
-            freeFlowMomentumProblem, poreNetworkProblem,
-            std::make_tuple(std::get<freeFlowMomentumIndex>(gridVarsTuple), std::get<poreNetworkIndex>(gridVarsTuple)),
-            couplingMapper, ffMomentumPmSolVecTuple
+        using FFSol = typename SubCouplingManager<freeFlowMomentumIndex, freeFlowMassIndex>::SolutionVectorStorage;
+        using FFPrevSol = std::tuple<const SubSolutionVector<freeFlowMomentumIndex>*, const SubSolutionVector<freeFlowMassIndex>*>;
+        this->subCouplingManager(freeFlowMomentumIndex, freeFlowMassIndex).init(
+            freeFlowMomentumProblem, freeFlowMassProblem,
+            std::make_tuple(std::get<freeFlowMomentumIndex>(gridVarsTuple), std::get<freeFlowMassIndex>(gridVarsTuple)),
+            FFSol{ std::get<freeFlowMomentumIndex>(this->curSol()), std::get<freeFlowMassIndex>(this->curSol()) },
+            FFPrevSol{ &prevSol[freeFlowMomentumIndex], &prevSol[freeFlowMassIndex] }
         );
     }
 
@@ -476,6 +478,41 @@ public:
             return cm.couplingStencil(ii, elementI, scvI, jj);
         });
     }
+
+private:
+    /*
+    * \brief Initializes sub-coupling managers for stationary and transient problems
+    */
+    template<class GridVarsTuple>
+    void init_(std::shared_ptr<Problem<freeFlowMomentumIndex>> freeFlowMomentumProblem,
+              std::shared_ptr<Problem<freeFlowMassIndex>> freeFlowMassProblem,
+              std::shared_ptr<Problem<poreNetworkIndex>> poreNetworkProblem,
+              GridVarsTuple&& gridVarsTuple,
+              const SolutionVector& curSol)
+    {
+        this->updateSolution(curSol); // generic coupling manager stores tuple of shared_ptr
+
+        auto couplingMapper = std::make_shared<CouplingMapper>();
+        couplingMapper->update(freeFlowMomentumProblem->gridGeometry(),
+            freeFlowMassProblem->gridGeometry(),
+            poreNetworkProblem->gridGeometry()
+        );
+
+        // initialize the binary sub coupling managers for stationary and transient problems
+        using FFMassPNMSol = typename SubCouplingManager<freeFlowMassIndex, poreNetworkIndex>::SolutionVectorStorage;
+        this->subCouplingManager(freeFlowMassIndex, poreNetworkIndex).init(
+            freeFlowMassProblem, poreNetworkProblem, couplingMapper,
+            FFMassPNMSol{ std::get<freeFlowMassIndex>(this->curSol()), std::get<poreNetworkIndex>(this->curSol()) }
+        );
+
+        using FFMomPNMSol = typename SubCouplingManager<freeFlowMomentumIndex, poreNetworkIndex>::SolutionVectorStorage;
+        this->subCouplingManager(freeFlowMomentumIndex, poreNetworkIndex).init(
+            freeFlowMomentumProblem, poreNetworkProblem,
+            std::make_tuple(std::get<freeFlowMomentumIndex>(gridVarsTuple), std::get<poreNetworkIndex>(gridVarsTuple)),
+            couplingMapper, FFMomPNMSol{ std::get<freeFlowMomentumIndex>(this->curSol()), std::get<poreNetworkIndex>(this->curSol()) }
+        );
+    }
+
 };
 
 } // end namespace Dumux
diff --git a/dumux/multidomain/boundary/freeflowporenetwork/ffmassporenetwork/couplingmanager.hh b/dumux/multidomain/boundary/freeflowporenetwork/ffmassporenetwork/couplingmanager.hh
index 254152a1778619a3ac8c119753ab268ce6a1f94d..62da7f7f6f406f7b43e8897d5f50ed9be85629bd 100644
--- a/dumux/multidomain/boundary/freeflowporenetwork/ffmassporenetwork/couplingmanager.hh
+++ b/dumux/multidomain/boundary/freeflowporenetwork/ffmassporenetwork/couplingmanager.hh
@@ -97,7 +97,7 @@ public:
     void init(std::shared_ptr<Problem<freeFlowMassIndex>> freeFlowMassProblem,
               std::shared_ptr<Problem<poreNetworkIndex>> pnmProblem,
               std::shared_ptr<CouplingMapper> couplingMapper,
-              SolutionVectorStorage& curSol)
+              const SolutionVectorStorage& curSol)
     {
         couplingMapper_ = couplingMapper;
         this->setSubProblems(std::make_tuple(freeFlowMassProblem, pnmProblem));
diff --git a/dumux/multidomain/boundary/freeflowporenetwork/ffmomentumporenetwork/couplingmanager.hh b/dumux/multidomain/boundary/freeflowporenetwork/ffmomentumporenetwork/couplingmanager.hh
index c92c999e6490d82860079458511b5035da1124a0..1e5bf4dac810c580f446d5fade0df26d72de5ce9 100644
--- a/dumux/multidomain/boundary/freeflowporenetwork/ffmomentumporenetwork/couplingmanager.hh
+++ b/dumux/multidomain/boundary/freeflowporenetwork/ffmomentumporenetwork/couplingmanager.hh
@@ -100,7 +100,7 @@ public:
               std::shared_ptr<Problem<poreNetworkIndex>> porousMediumProblem,
               GridVariablesTuple&& gridVariables,
               std::shared_ptr<CouplingMapper> couplingMapper,
-              SolutionVectorStorage& curSol)
+              const SolutionVectorStorage& curSol)
     {
         couplingMapper_ = couplingMapper;
         gridVariables_ = gridVariables;
diff --git a/dumux/multidomain/boundary/freeflowporousmedium/couplingmanager_base.hh b/dumux/multidomain/boundary/freeflowporousmedium/couplingmanager_base.hh
index 664d051fcc93102d795b7406fa5d5b9b1e9e98de..2c469b314f397a6a65898c49487f2b832cfb9675 100644
--- a/dumux/multidomain/boundary/freeflowporousmedium/couplingmanager_base.hh
+++ b/dumux/multidomain/boundary/freeflowporousmedium/couplingmanager_base.hh
@@ -170,6 +170,10 @@ class FreeFlowPorousMediumCouplingManagerBase
     template<std::size_t id> using Element = typename GridView<id>::template Codim<0>::Entity;
     using SolutionVector = typename MDTraits::SolutionVector;
 
+    template<std::size_t id>
+    using SubSolutionVector
+        = std::decay_t<decltype(std::declval<SolutionVector>()[Dune::index_constant<id>()])>;
+
 public:
 
     template<std::size_t i, std::size_t j>
@@ -189,30 +193,36 @@ public:
               GridVarsTuple&& gridVarsTuple,
               const SolutionVector& curSol)
     {
-        this->updateSolution(curSol); // generic coupling manager stores tuple of shared_ptr
+        // initialize sub coupling manager that are not stationary or transient problem specific
+        this->init_(freeFlowMomentumProblem, freeFlowMassProblem, porousMediumProblem, std::forward<GridVarsTuple>(gridVarsTuple), curSol);
 
-        // initialize the binary sub coupling managers
-        typename SubCouplingManager<freeFlowMomentumIndex, freeFlowMassIndex>::SolutionVectorStorage ffSolVecTuple;
-        std::get<0>(ffSolVecTuple) = std::get<freeFlowMomentumIndex>(this->curSol());
-        std::get<1>(ffSolVecTuple) = std::get<freeFlowMassIndex>(this->curSol());
+        // initialize stationary-specific sub coupling manager for free-flow
+        using FFSol = typename SubCouplingManager<freeFlowMomentumIndex, freeFlowMassIndex>::SolutionVectorStorage;
         this->subCouplingManager(freeFlowMomentumIndex, freeFlowMassIndex).init(
             freeFlowMomentumProblem, freeFlowMassProblem,
             std::make_tuple(std::get<freeFlowMomentumIndex>(gridVarsTuple), std::get<freeFlowMassIndex>(gridVarsTuple)),
-            ffSolVecTuple
+            FFSol{ std::get<freeFlowMomentumIndex>(this->curSol()), std::get<freeFlowMassIndex>(this->curSol()) }
         );
+    }
 
-        typename SubCouplingManager<freeFlowMassIndex, porousMediumIndex>::SolutionVectorStorage ffMassPmSolVecTuple;
-        std::get<0>(ffMassPmSolVecTuple) = std::get<freeFlowMassIndex>(this->curSol());
-        std::get<1>(ffMassPmSolVecTuple) = std::get<porousMediumIndex>(this->curSol());
-        this->subCouplingManager(freeFlowMassIndex, porousMediumIndex).init(
-            freeFlowMassProblem, porousMediumProblem, ffMassPmSolVecTuple
-        );
+    template<class GridVarsTuple>
+    void init(std::shared_ptr<Problem<freeFlowMomentumIndex>> freeFlowMomentumProblem,
+              std::shared_ptr<Problem<freeFlowMassIndex>> freeFlowMassProblem,
+              std::shared_ptr<Problem<porousMediumIndex>> porousMediumProblem,
+              GridVarsTuple&& gridVarsTuple,
+              const SolutionVector& curSol,
+              const SolutionVector& prevSol)
+    {
+        // initialize sub coupling manager that are not stationary or transient problem specific
+        this->init_(freeFlowMomentumProblem, freeFlowMassProblem, porousMediumProblem, std::forward<GridVarsTuple>(gridVarsTuple), curSol);
 
-        typename SubCouplingManager<freeFlowMomentumIndex, porousMediumIndex>::SolutionVectorStorage ffMomentumPmSolVecTuple;
-        std::get<0>(ffMomentumPmSolVecTuple) = std::get<freeFlowMomentumIndex>(this->curSol());
-        std::get<1>(ffMomentumPmSolVecTuple) = std::get<porousMediumIndex>(this->curSol());
-        this->subCouplingManager(freeFlowMomentumIndex, porousMediumIndex).init(
-            freeFlowMomentumProblem, porousMediumProblem, ffMomentumPmSolVecTuple
+        using FFSol = typename SubCouplingManager<freeFlowMomentumIndex, freeFlowMassIndex>::SolutionVectorStorage;
+        using FFPrevSol = std::tuple<const SubSolutionVector<freeFlowMomentumIndex>*, const SubSolutionVector<freeFlowMassIndex>*>;
+        this->subCouplingManager(freeFlowMomentumIndex, freeFlowMassIndex).init(
+            freeFlowMomentumProblem, freeFlowMassProblem,
+            std::make_tuple(std::get<freeFlowMomentumIndex>(gridVarsTuple), std::get<freeFlowMassIndex>(gridVarsTuple)),
+            FFSol{ std::get<freeFlowMomentumIndex>(this->curSol()), std::get<freeFlowMassIndex>(this->curSol()) },
+            FFPrevSol{ &prevSol[freeFlowMomentumIndex], &prevSol[freeFlowMassIndex] }
         );
     }
 
@@ -271,6 +281,32 @@ public:
             return cm.couplingStencil(ii, elementI, scvI, jj);
         });
     }
+private:
+    /*
+    * \brief Initializes sub-coupling managers for stationary and transient problems
+    */
+    template<class GridVarsTuple>
+    void init_(std::shared_ptr<Problem<freeFlowMomentumIndex>> freeFlowMomentumProblem,
+              std::shared_ptr<Problem<freeFlowMassIndex>> freeFlowMassProblem,
+              std::shared_ptr<Problem<porousMediumIndex>> porousMediumProblem,
+              GridVarsTuple&& gridVarsTuple,
+              const SolutionVector& curSol)
+    {
+        this->updateSolution(curSol); // generic coupling manager stores tuple of shared_ptr
+
+        // initialize the binary sub coupling managers
+        using FFMassPMSol = typename SubCouplingManager<freeFlowMassIndex, porousMediumIndex>::SolutionVectorStorage;
+        this->subCouplingManager(freeFlowMassIndex, porousMediumIndex).init(
+            freeFlowMassProblem, porousMediumProblem,
+            FFMassPMSol{ std::get<freeFlowMassIndex>(this->curSol()), std::get<porousMediumIndex>(this->curSol()) }
+        );
+
+        using FFMomPMSol = typename SubCouplingManager<freeFlowMomentumIndex, porousMediumIndex>::SolutionVectorStorage;
+        this->subCouplingManager(freeFlowMomentumIndex, porousMediumIndex).init(
+            freeFlowMomentumProblem, porousMediumProblem,
+            FFMomPMSol{ std::get<freeFlowMomentumIndex>(this->curSol()), std::get<porousMediumIndex>(this->curSol()) }
+        );
+    }
 };
 
 } // end namespace Dumux
diff --git a/dumux/multidomain/boundary/freeflowporousmedium/ffmasspm/couplingmanager_staggered_cctpfa.hh b/dumux/multidomain/boundary/freeflowporousmedium/ffmasspm/couplingmanager_staggered_cctpfa.hh
index 16fb3d0751f34a5db40540d09809883cd89b6f6f..2094bf0b3be1c9327cd48d39de13e5d6ad121fd8 100644
--- a/dumux/multidomain/boundary/freeflowporousmedium/ffmasspm/couplingmanager_staggered_cctpfa.hh
+++ b/dumux/multidomain/boundary/freeflowporousmedium/ffmasspm/couplingmanager_staggered_cctpfa.hh
@@ -104,7 +104,7 @@ public:
     //! Initialize the coupling manager
     void init(std::shared_ptr<Problem<freeFlowMassIndex>> freeFlowMassProblem,
               std::shared_ptr<Problem<porousMediumIndex>> darcyProblem,
-              SolutionVectorStorage& curSol)
+              const SolutionVectorStorage& curSol)
     {
         this->setSubProblems(std::make_tuple(freeFlowMassProblem, darcyProblem));
         this->attachSolution(curSol);
diff --git a/dumux/multidomain/boundary/freeflowporousmedium/ffmomentumpm/couplingmanager_staggered_cctpfa.hh b/dumux/multidomain/boundary/freeflowporousmedium/ffmomentumpm/couplingmanager_staggered_cctpfa.hh
index 6e0c3c0cbdc136e0d77377261dc2123d395e9f5a..2ff27369675e72da962853147a00c285cd4cd157 100644
--- a/dumux/multidomain/boundary/freeflowporousmedium/ffmomentumpm/couplingmanager_staggered_cctpfa.hh
+++ b/dumux/multidomain/boundary/freeflowporousmedium/ffmomentumpm/couplingmanager_staggered_cctpfa.hh
@@ -103,7 +103,7 @@ public:
     //! Initialize the coupling manager
     void init(std::shared_ptr<Problem<freeFlowMomentumIndex>> freeFlowMomentumProblem,
               std::shared_ptr<Problem<porousMediumIndex>> porousMediumProblem,
-              SolutionVectorStorage& curSol)
+              const SolutionVectorStorage& curSol)
     {
         this->setSubProblems(std::make_tuple(freeFlowMomentumProblem, porousMediumProblem));
         this->attachSolution(curSol);
diff --git a/dumux/multidomain/freeflow/couplingmanager_cvfe.hh b/dumux/multidomain/freeflow/couplingmanager_cvfe.hh
index 308423258853e141f7d10e86ed120ffc9b94afb7..59c6516ca9de40ecf806f403eb14202a7449144c 100644
--- a/dumux/multidomain/freeflow/couplingmanager_cvfe.hh
+++ b/dumux/multidomain/freeflow/couplingmanager_cvfe.hh
@@ -146,7 +146,7 @@ public:
     void init(std::shared_ptr<Problem<freeFlowMomentumIndex>> momentumProblem,
               std::shared_ptr<Problem<freeFlowMassIndex>> massProblem,
               GridVariablesTuple&& gridVariables,
-              typename ParentType::SolutionVectorStorage& curSol)
+              const typename ParentType::SolutionVectorStorage& curSol)
     {
         this->setSubProblems(std::make_tuple(momentumProblem, massProblem));
         gridVariables_ = gridVariables;
diff --git a/dumux/multidomain/freeflow/couplingmanager_staggered.hh b/dumux/multidomain/freeflow/couplingmanager_staggered.hh
index 62a73a382c40d847c19d40dfe32648843698b8ee..f2d03395dc2431b59009c584c6f2842446bea831 100644
--- a/dumux/multidomain/freeflow/couplingmanager_staggered.hh
+++ b/dumux/multidomain/freeflow/couplingmanager_staggered.hh
@@ -73,6 +73,15 @@ private:
     using Scalar = typename Traits::Scalar;
     using SolutionVector = typename Traits::SolutionVector;
 
+    template<std::size_t id>
+    using SubSolutionVector
+        = std::decay_t<decltype(std::declval<SolutionVector>()[Dune::index_constant<id>()])>;
+
+    template<std::size_t id>
+    using ConstSubSolutionVectorPtr = const SubSolutionVector<id>*;
+
+    using PrevSolutionVectorStorage = typename Traits::template Tuple<ConstSubSolutionVectorPtr>;
+
     using CouplingStencilType = std::vector<std::size_t>;
 
     using GridVariablesTuple = typename Traits::template TupleOfSharedPtr<GridVariables>;
@@ -131,15 +140,16 @@ public:
               const SolutionVector& prevSol)
     {
         init(momentumProblem, massProblem, std::forward<GridVariablesTuple>(gridVariables), curSol);
-        prevSol_ = &prevSol;
-        isTransient_ = true;
+
+        Dune::Hybrid::forEach(std::make_index_sequence<Traits::numSubDomains>{}, [&](auto i)
+        { std::get<i>(prevSolutions_) = &prevSol[i]; });
     }
 
     //! use as binary coupling manager in multi model context
     void init(std::shared_ptr<Problem<freeFlowMomentumIndex>> momentumProblem,
               std::shared_ptr<Problem<freeFlowMassIndex>> massProblem,
               GridVariablesTuple&& gridVariables,
-              typename ParentType::SolutionVectorStorage& curSol)
+              const typename ParentType::SolutionVectorStorage& curSol)
     {
         this->setSubProblems(std::make_tuple(momentumProblem, massProblem));
         gridVariables_ = gridVariables;
@@ -148,6 +158,17 @@ public:
         computeCouplingStencils_();
     }
 
+    //! use as binary coupling manager in multi model context and for transient problems
+    void init(std::shared_ptr<Problem<freeFlowMomentumIndex>> momentumProblem,
+              std::shared_ptr<Problem<freeFlowMassIndex>> massProblem,
+              GridVariablesTuple&& gridVariables,
+              const typename ParentType::SolutionVectorStorage& curSol,
+              const PrevSolutionVectorStorage& prevSol)
+    {
+        init(momentumProblem, massProblem, std::forward<GridVariablesTuple>(gridVariables), curSol);
+        prevSolutions_ = prevSol;
+    }
+
     // \}
 
     using CouplingManager<Traits>::evalCouplingResidual;
@@ -191,7 +212,7 @@ public:
 
         if (!localAssemblerI.assembler().isStationaryProblem())
         {
-            assert(isTransient_);
+            assert(isTransient_());
             localResidual.evalStorage(residual, problem, element, fvGeometry, prevElemVolVars, curElemVolVars, scvI);
         }
 
@@ -234,7 +255,7 @@ public:
                    const SubControlVolumeFace<freeFlowMomentumIndex>& scvf,
                    const bool considerPreviousTimeStep = false) const
     {
-        assert(!(considerPreviousTimeStep && !isTransient_));
+        assert(!(considerPreviousTimeStep && !isTransient_()));
         bindCouplingContext_(Dune::index_constant<freeFlowMomentumIndex>(), element, fvGeometry.elementIndex());
         const auto& insideMomentumScv = fvGeometry.scv(scvf.insideScvIdx());
         const auto& insideMassScv = momentumCouplingContext_()[0].fvGeometry.scv(insideMomentumScv.elementIndex());
@@ -261,7 +282,7 @@ public:
                                  const SubControlVolumeFace<freeFlowMomentumIndex>& scvf,
                                  const bool considerPreviousTimeStep = false) const
     {
-        assert(!(considerPreviousTimeStep && !isTransient_));
+        assert(!(considerPreviousTimeStep && !isTransient_()));
         bindCouplingContext_(Dune::index_constant<freeFlowMomentumIndex>(), element, fvGeometry.elementIndex());
         const auto& insideMomentumScv = fvGeometry.scv(scvf.insideScvIdx());
         const auto& insideMassScv = momentumCouplingContext_()[0].fvGeometry.scv(insideMomentumScv.elementIndex());
@@ -289,7 +310,7 @@ public:
                    const SubControlVolume<freeFlowMomentumIndex>& scv,
                    const bool considerPreviousTimeStep = false) const
     {
-        assert(!(considerPreviousTimeStep && !isTransient_));
+        assert(!(considerPreviousTimeStep && !isTransient_()));
         bindCouplingContext_(Dune::index_constant<freeFlowMomentumIndex>(), element, scv.elementIndex());
         const auto& massScv = (*scvs(momentumCouplingContext_()[0].fvGeometry).begin());
 
@@ -508,11 +529,11 @@ private:
             auto curElemVolVars = localView(gridVars_(freeFlowMassIndex).curGridVolVars());
             curElemVolVars.bind(elementI, fvGeometry, this->curSol(freeFlowMassIndex));
 
-            auto prevElemVolVars = isTransient_ ? localView(gridVars_(freeFlowMassIndex).prevGridVolVars())
+            auto prevElemVolVars = isTransient_() ? localView(gridVars_(freeFlowMassIndex).prevGridVolVars())
                                                 : localView(gridVars_(freeFlowMassIndex).curGridVolVars());
 
-            if (isTransient_)
-                prevElemVolVars.bindElement(elementI, fvGeometry, (*prevSol_)[freeFlowMassIndex]);
+            if (isTransient_())
+                prevElemVolVars.bindElement(elementI, fvGeometry, prevSol_(freeFlowMassIndex));
 
             momentumCouplingContext_().emplace_back(MomentumCouplingContext{std::move(fvGeometry), std::move(curElemVolVars), std::move(prevElemVolVars), eIdx});
         }
@@ -522,8 +543,8 @@ private:
             momentumCouplingContext_()[0].fvGeometry.bind(elementI);
             momentumCouplingContext_()[0].curElemVolVars.bind(elementI, momentumCouplingContext_()[0].fvGeometry, this->curSol(freeFlowMassIndex));
 
-            if (isTransient_)
-                momentumCouplingContext_()[0].prevElemVolVars.bindElement(elementI, momentumCouplingContext_()[0].fvGeometry, (*prevSol_)[freeFlowMassIndex]);
+            if (isTransient_())
+                momentumCouplingContext_()[0].prevElemVolVars.bindElement(elementI, momentumCouplingContext_()[0].fvGeometry, prevSol_(freeFlowMassIndex));
         }
     }
 
@@ -661,8 +682,14 @@ private:
     //! A tuple of std::shared_ptrs to the grid variables of the sub problems
     GridVariablesTuple gridVariables_;
 
-    const SolutionVector* prevSol_;
-    bool isTransient_;
+    bool isTransient_() const
+    { return std::get<0>(prevSolutions_) != nullptr; }
+
+    template<std::size_t i>
+    const SubSolutionVector<i>& prevSol_(Dune::index_constant<i>) const
+    { return *std::get<i>(prevSolutions_); }
+
+    PrevSolutionVectorStorage prevSolutions_;
 
     std::deque<std::vector<ElementSeed<freeFlowMomentumIndex>>> elementSets_;
 };
diff --git a/test/multidomain/boundary/freeflowporenetwork/1p_1p/CMakeLists.txt b/test/multidomain/boundary/freeflowporenetwork/1p_1p/CMakeLists.txt
index 7107716e270cf87e4ca99c0b333afcb554dccb31..442f3e6710825a28cc2912f5d7db1b17020a701b 100644
--- a/test/multidomain/boundary/freeflowporenetwork/1p_1p/CMakeLists.txt
+++ b/test/multidomain/boundary/freeflowporenetwork/1p_1p/CMakeLists.txt
@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 # SPDX-FileCopyrightInfo: Copyright © DuMux Project contributors, see AUTHORS.md in root folder
 # SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-3.0-or-later
+add_subdirectory(transient)
 
 add_input_file_links()
 
diff --git a/test/multidomain/boundary/freeflowporenetwork/1p_1p/problem_freeflow.hh b/test/multidomain/boundary/freeflowporenetwork/1p_1p/problem_freeflow.hh
index 0c2cde830521373443d436259c25a29442c57ccc..a42bc3b99b8cdbcc706173d748a44c463ed50c28 100644
--- a/test/multidomain/boundary/freeflowporenetwork/1p_1p/problem_freeflow.hh
+++ b/test/multidomain/boundary/freeflowporenetwork/1p_1p/problem_freeflow.hh
@@ -57,6 +57,7 @@ public:
     , couplingManager_(couplingManager)
     {
         problemName_ = getParam<std::string>("Vtk.OutputName") + "_" + getParamFromGroup<std::string>(this->paramGroup(), "Problem.Name");
+        initialPressure_ = getParamFromGroup<Scalar>(this->paramGroup(), "Problem.InitialPressure", 0.0);
         deltaP_ = getParamFromGroup<Scalar>(this->paramGroup(), "Problem.PressureDifference", 0.0);
         singleThroatTest_ = getParamFromGroup<bool>(this->paramGroup(), "Problem.SingleThroatTest", true);
         enablePseudoThreeDWallFriction_ = !singleThroatTest_;
@@ -238,6 +239,18 @@ public:
         return source;
     }
 
+    // The following function defines the initial conditions
+    InitialValues initialAtPos(const GlobalPosition &globalPos) const
+    {
+        InitialValues values(0.0); //velocity is 0.0
+
+        if constexpr (!ParentType::isMomentumProblem())
+        {
+            values[Indices::pressureIdx] = initialPressure_;
+        }
+        return values;
+    }
+
     /*!
      * \brief Returns true if the scvf lies on a porous slip boundary
      */
@@ -279,6 +292,7 @@ private:
 
     std::string problemName_;
     static constexpr Scalar eps_ = 1e-6;
+    Scalar initialPressure_;
     Scalar deltaP_;
     bool singleThroatTest_;
     bool enablePseudoThreeDWallFriction_;
diff --git a/test/multidomain/boundary/freeflowporenetwork/1p_1p/problem_pnm.hh b/test/multidomain/boundary/freeflowporenetwork/1p_1p/problem_pnm.hh
index 000e45c438f680a6d176fe45f1f569df32594454..bf1b0b9db3f4cabbf3cf65438d62c5920d74df82 100644
--- a/test/multidomain/boundary/freeflowporenetwork/1p_1p/problem_pnm.hh
+++ b/test/multidomain/boundary/freeflowporenetwork/1p_1p/problem_pnm.hh
@@ -40,6 +40,8 @@ class PNMOnePProblem : public PorousMediumFlowProblem<TypeTag>
 
     using CouplingManager = GetPropType<TypeTag, Properties::CouplingManager>;
 
+    using GlobalPosition = typename Element::Geometry::GlobalCoordinate;
+
 public:
     template<class SpatialParams>
     PNMOnePProblem(std::shared_ptr<const GridGeometry> gridGeometry,
@@ -47,6 +49,7 @@ public:
                    std::shared_ptr<CouplingManager> couplingManager)
     : ParentType(gridGeometry, spatialParams, "PNM"), couplingManager_(couplingManager)
     {
+        initialPressure_ = getParamFromGroup<Scalar>(this->paramGroup(), "Problem.InitialPressure", 0.0);
         singleThroatTest_ = getParamFromGroup<bool>(this->paramGroup(), "Problem.SingleThroatTest", true);
     }
 
@@ -145,6 +148,19 @@ public:
         return values;
     }
 
+    /*!
+     * \brief Evaluate the initial value for a given global position.
+     *
+     * For this method, the \a priVars parameter stores primary
+     * variables.
+     */
+    PrimaryVariables initialAtPos(const GlobalPosition& pos) const
+    {
+        PrimaryVariables values(0.0);
+        values = initialPressure_;
+        return values;
+    }
+
     // \}
 
     // \}
@@ -160,6 +176,7 @@ public:
 private:
     std::shared_ptr<CouplingManager> couplingManager_;
     bool singleThroatTest_;
+    Scalar initialPressure_;
 };
 
 } // end namespace Dumux
diff --git a/test/multidomain/boundary/freeflowporenetwork/1p_1p/transient/CMakeLists.txt b/test/multidomain/boundary/freeflowporenetwork/1p_1p/transient/CMakeLists.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..deef5263f9e40d8b2f267e9bd99d8a36ab0350a2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/multidomain/boundary/freeflowporenetwork/1p_1p/transient/CMakeLists.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+# SPDX-FileCopyrightInfo: Copyright © DuMux Project contributors, see AUTHORS.md in root folder
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-3.0-or-later
+
+add_input_file_links()
+
+dumux_add_test(NAME test_md_boundary_ff1p_pnm1p_transient
+              LABELS multidomain multidomain_boundary freeflowpnm 1p navierstokes porenetwork
+              SOURCES main.cc
+              CMAKE_GUARD "( HAVE_UMFPACK AND dune-foamgrid_FOUND )"
+              COMMAND ${CMAKE_SOURCE_DIR}/bin/testing/runtest.py
+              CMD_ARGS  --script fuzzy
+                        --files ${CMAKE_SOURCE_DIR}/test/references/test_md_boundary_ff1p_pnm1p_transient_ff-reference.vtu
+                                ${CMAKE_CURRENT_BINARY_DIR}/test_md_boundary_ff1p_pnm1p_transient_ff-00019.vtu
+                                ${CMAKE_SOURCE_DIR}/test/references/test_md_boundary_ff1p_pnm1p_transient_pnm-reference.vtp
+                                ${CMAKE_CURRENT_BINARY_DIR}/test_md_boundary_ff1p_pnm1p_transient_pnm-00019.vtp
+                        --command "${CMAKE_CURRENT_BINARY_DIR}/test_md_boundary_ff1p_pnm1p_transient params.input
+                                   -Vtk.OutputName test_md_boundary_ff1p_pnm1p_transient")
diff --git a/test/multidomain/boundary/freeflowporenetwork/1p_1p/transient/main.cc b/test/multidomain/boundary/freeflowporenetwork/1p_1p/transient/main.cc
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..07e9e5f04566566a1b62097be6afe3fd7dc6ab6b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/multidomain/boundary/freeflowporenetwork/1p_1p/transient/main.cc
@@ -0,0 +1,236 @@
+// -*- mode: C++; tab-width: 4; indent-tabs-mode: nil; c-basic-offset: 4 -*-
+// vi: set et ts=4 sw=4 sts=4:
+//
+// SPDX-FileCopyrightInfo: Copyright © DuMux Project contributors, see AUTHORS.md in root folder
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-3.0-or-later
+//
+/*!
+ * \file
+ * \ingroup BoundaryTests
+ * \brief A test problem for the coupled Free-Flow/PNM problem (1p).
+ */
+
+#include <config.h>
+
+#include <iostream>
+
+#include <dune/common/parallel/mpihelper.hh>
+#include <dune/common/timer.hh>
+
+#include <dumux/assembly/diffmethod.hh>
+#include <dumux/common/initialize.hh>
+#include <dumux/common/dumuxmessage.hh>
+#include <dumux/common/parameters.hh>
+#include <dumux/common/properties.hh>
+#include <dumux/discretization/method.hh>
+#include <dumux/freeflow/navierstokes/fluxoveraxisalignedsurface.hh>
+#include <dumux/freeflow/navierstokes/velocityoutput.hh>
+#include <dumux/io/grid/gridmanager_yasp.hh>
+#include <dumux/io/grid/porenetwork/gridmanager.hh>
+#include <dumux/io/vtk/intersectionwriter.hh>
+#include <dumux/io/vtkoutputmodule.hh>
+#include <dumux/linear/istlsolvers.hh>
+#include <dumux/linear/linearsolvertraits.hh>
+#include <dumux/linear/linearalgebratraits.hh>
+#include <dumux/porenetwork/common/boundaryflux.hh>
+#include <dumux/porenetwork/common/pnmvtkoutputmodule.hh>
+#include <dumux/multidomain/boundary/freeflowporenetwork/snappygridmanager.hh>
+#include <dumux/multidomain/fvassembler.hh>
+#include <dumux/multidomain/newtonsolver.hh>
+
+#include "../properties.hh"
+
+template<class GridGeometry, class GridVariables, class SolutionVector>
+void updateVelocities(
+    std::vector<Dune::FieldVector<double, 2>>& faceVelocity,
+    const GridGeometry& gridGeometry,
+    const GridVariables& gridVariables,
+    const SolutionVector& x
+){
+    auto fvGeometry = localView(gridGeometry);
+    auto elemVolVars = localView(gridVariables.curGridVolVars());
+    for (const auto& element : elements(gridGeometry.gridView()))
+    {
+        fvGeometry.bind(element);
+        elemVolVars.bind(element, fvGeometry, x);
+
+        for (const auto& scv : scvs(fvGeometry))
+            faceVelocity[scv.dofIndex()][scv.dofAxis()] = elemVolVars[scv].velocity();
+    }
+}
+
+int main(int argc, char** argv)
+{
+    using namespace Dumux;
+
+    // maybe initialize MPI and/or multithreading backend
+    Dumux::initialize(argc, argv);
+    const auto& mpiHelper = Dune::MPIHelper::instance();
+
+    // print dumux start message
+    if (mpiHelper.rank() == 0)
+        DumuxMessage::print(/*firstCall=*/true);
+
+    // parse command line arguments and input file
+    Parameters::init(argc, argv);
+
+    // Define the sub problem type tags
+    using FreeFlowMomentumTypeTag = Properties::TTag::FreeFlowOnePMomentum;
+    using FreeFlowMassTypeTag = Properties::TTag::FreeFlowOnePMass;
+    using PoreNetworkTypeTag = Properties::TTag::PNMOnePModel;
+
+    using PNMGridManager = Dumux::PoreNetwork::GridManager<2>;
+    PNMGridManager pnmGridManager;
+    pnmGridManager.init("PNM");
+
+    using FreeFlowGridManager = Dumux::PoreNetwork::SnappyGridManager<2, PNMGridManager>;
+    FreeFlowGridManager freeflowGridManager;
+    freeflowGridManager.init(pnmGridManager.grid(), *(pnmGridManager.getGridData()), "FreeFlow");
+
+    // create the free flow grid geometries
+    using FreeFlowMomentumGridGeometry = GetPropType<FreeFlowMomentumTypeTag, Properties::GridGeometry>;
+    auto freeFlowMomentumGridGeometry = std::make_shared<FreeFlowMomentumGridGeometry>(freeflowGridManager.grid().leafGridView());
+
+    using FreeFlowMassGridGeometry = GetPropType<FreeFlowMassTypeTag, Properties::GridGeometry>;
+    auto freeFlowMassGridGeometry = std::make_shared<FreeFlowMassGridGeometry>(freeflowGridManager.grid().leafGridView());
+
+    // create the PNM grid geometry
+    using PoreNetworkGridGeometry = GetPropType<PoreNetworkTypeTag, Properties::GridGeometry>;
+    auto pnmGridData = pnmGridManager.getGridData();
+    auto pnmGridGeometry = std::make_shared<PoreNetworkGridGeometry>(pnmGridManager.grid().leafGridView(), *pnmGridData);
+
+    using CouplingManager = GetPropType<FreeFlowMomentumTypeTag, Properties::CouplingManager>;
+    auto couplingManager = std::make_shared<CouplingManager>();
+
+    // the problem (initial and boundary conditions)
+    using FreeFlowMomentumProblem = GetPropType<FreeFlowMomentumTypeTag, Properties::Problem>;
+    auto freeFlowMomentumProblem = std::make_shared<FreeFlowMomentumProblem>(freeFlowMomentumGridGeometry, couplingManager);
+    using FreeFlowMassProblem = GetPropType<FreeFlowMassTypeTag, Properties::Problem>;
+    auto freeFlowMassProblem = std::make_shared<FreeFlowMassProblem>(freeFlowMassGridGeometry, couplingManager);
+
+    using PoreNetworkSpatialParams = GetPropType<PoreNetworkTypeTag, Properties::SpatialParams>;
+    auto pnmSpatialParams = std::make_shared<PoreNetworkSpatialParams>(pnmGridGeometry);
+    using PNMProblem = GetPropType<PoreNetworkTypeTag, Properties::Problem>;
+    auto pnmProblem = std::make_shared<PNMProblem>(pnmGridGeometry, pnmSpatialParams, couplingManager);
+
+    // the indices
+    constexpr auto freeFlowMomentumIndex = CouplingManager::freeFlowMomentumIndex;
+    constexpr auto freeFlowMassIndex = CouplingManager::freeFlowMassIndex;
+    constexpr auto poreNetworkIndex = CouplingManager::poreNetworkIndex;
+
+    // the solution vector
+    using Traits = MultiDomainTraits<FreeFlowMomentumTypeTag, FreeFlowMassTypeTag, PoreNetworkTypeTag>;
+    Traits::SolutionVector sol;
+    sol[freeFlowMomentumIndex].resize(freeFlowMomentumGridGeometry->numDofs());
+    sol[freeFlowMassIndex].resize(freeFlowMassGridGeometry->numDofs());
+    sol[poreNetworkIndex].resize(pnmGridGeometry->numDofs());
+    freeFlowMassProblem->applyInitialSolution(sol[freeFlowMassIndex]);
+    freeFlowMomentumProblem->applyInitialSolution(sol[freeFlowMomentumIndex]);
+    pnmProblem->applyInitialSolution(sol[poreNetworkIndex]);
+    auto solOld = sol;
+
+    // the grid variables
+    using FreeFlowMomentumGridVariables = GetPropType<FreeFlowMomentumTypeTag, Properties::GridVariables>;
+    auto freeFlowMomentumGridVariables = std::make_shared<FreeFlowMomentumGridVariables>(freeFlowMomentumProblem, freeFlowMomentumGridGeometry);
+    using FreeFlowMassGridVariables = GetPropType<FreeFlowMassTypeTag, Properties::GridVariables>;
+    auto freeFlowMassGridVariables = std::make_shared<FreeFlowMassGridVariables>(freeFlowMassProblem, freeFlowMassGridGeometry);
+
+    using PoreNetworkgridVariables = GetPropType<PoreNetworkTypeTag, Properties::GridVariables>;
+    auto pnmGridVariables = std::make_shared<PoreNetworkgridVariables>(pnmProblem, pnmGridGeometry);
+
+    couplingManager->init(freeFlowMomentumProblem, freeFlowMassProblem, pnmProblem,
+                          std::make_tuple(freeFlowMomentumGridVariables, freeFlowMassGridVariables, pnmGridVariables),
+                          sol, solOld);
+
+    freeFlowMomentumGridVariables->init(sol[freeFlowMomentumIndex]);
+    freeFlowMassGridVariables->init(sol[freeFlowMassIndex]);
+    pnmGridVariables->init(sol[poreNetworkIndex]);
+
+    // We get some time loop parameters from the input file
+    // and instantiate the time loop
+    using Scalar = typename Traits::Scalar;
+    const auto tEnd = getParam<Scalar>("TimeLoop.TEnd");
+    const auto maxDt = getParam<Scalar>("TimeLoop.MaxTimeStepSize");
+    const auto dt = getParam<Scalar>("TimeLoop.DtInitial");
+    auto timeLoop = std::make_shared<TimeLoop<Scalar>>(0, dt, tEnd);
+    timeLoop->setMaxTimeStepSize(maxDt);
+
+    // the assembler for a stationary problem
+    using Assembler = MultiDomainFVAssembler<Traits, CouplingManager, DiffMethod::numeric>;
+    auto assembler = std::make_shared<Assembler>(std::make_tuple(freeFlowMomentumProblem, freeFlowMassProblem, pnmProblem),
+                                                 std::make_tuple(freeFlowMomentumGridGeometry,
+                                                                 freeFlowMassGridGeometry,
+                                                                 pnmGridGeometry),
+                                                 std::make_tuple(freeFlowMomentumGridVariables,
+                                                                 freeFlowMassGridVariables,
+                                                                 pnmGridVariables),
+                                                 couplingManager, timeLoop, solOld);
+
+    // the linear solver
+    using LinearSolver = UMFPackIstlSolver<SeqLinearSolverTraits, LinearAlgebraTraitsFromAssembler<Assembler>>;
+    auto linearSolver = std::make_shared<LinearSolver>();
+
+    // the non-linear solver
+    using NewtonSolver = MultiDomainNewtonSolver<Assembler, LinearSolver, CouplingManager>;
+    NewtonSolver nonLinearSolver(assembler, linearSolver, couplingManager);
+
+    // initialize the vtk output module
+    VtkOutputModule vtkWriterFFMass(*freeFlowMassGridVariables, sol[freeFlowMassIndex], freeFlowMassProblem->name());
+    GetPropType<FreeFlowMassTypeTag, Properties::IOFields>::initOutputModule(vtkWriterFFMass);
+    vtkWriterFFMass.addVelocityOutput(std::make_shared<NavierStokesVelocityOutput<FreeFlowMassGridVariables>>());
+
+    using PoreNetworkOutputModule = PoreNetwork::VtkOutputModule<PoreNetworkgridVariables, GetPropType<PoreNetworkTypeTag, Properties::FluxVariables>, std::decay_t<decltype(sol[poreNetworkIndex])>>;
+    PoreNetworkOutputModule pmVtkWriter(*pnmGridVariables, sol[poreNetworkIndex], pnmProblem->name());
+    GetPropType<PoreNetworkTypeTag, Properties::IOFields>::initOutputModule(pmVtkWriter);
+
+    // write vtk output
+    vtkWriterFFMass.write(0.0);
+    pmVtkWriter.write(0.0);
+
+    // timeloop
+    timeLoop->start(); do
+    {
+        // solve the non-linear system with time step control
+        nonLinearSolver.solve(sol, *timeLoop);
+
+        // make the new solution the old solution.
+        solOld = sol;
+        freeFlowMassGridVariables->advanceTimeStep();
+        freeFlowMomentumGridVariables->advanceTimeStep();
+        pnmGridVariables->advanceTimeStep();
+
+        // advance to the time loop to the next step.
+        timeLoop->advanceTimeStep();
+
+        // write vtk output for each time step.
+        vtkWriterFFMass.write(timeLoop->time());
+        pmVtkWriter.write(timeLoop->time());
+
+        // report statistics of this time step.
+        timeLoop->reportTimeStep();
+
+        // set a new dt as suggested by the newton solver for the next time step.
+        timeLoop->setTimeStepSize(nonLinearSolver.suggestTimeStepSize(timeLoop->timeStepSize()));
+
+    } while (!timeLoop->finished());
+
+    std::vector<Dune::FieldVector<double, 2>> faceVelocity(sol[freeFlowMomentumIndex].size());
+    updateVelocities(faceVelocity, *freeFlowMomentumGridGeometry, *freeFlowMomentumGridVariables, sol[freeFlowMomentumIndex]);
+
+    ConformingIntersectionWriter faceVtk(freeFlowMomentumGridGeometry->gridView());
+    faceVtk.addField(faceVelocity, "velocityVector");
+    faceVtk.write("face_velocities");
+
+    ////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+    // finalize, print dumux message to say goodbye
+    ////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+
+    // print dumux end message
+    if (mpiHelper.rank() == 0)
+    {
+        Parameters::print();
+        DumuxMessage::print(/*firstCall=*/false);
+    }
+
+    return 0;
+} // end main
diff --git a/test/multidomain/boundary/freeflowporenetwork/1p_1p/transient/params.input b/test/multidomain/boundary/freeflowporenetwork/1p_1p/transient/params.input
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..1c384cd486d2e3dc1d1895fd7361f6ed32f249d2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/multidomain/boundary/freeflowporenetwork/1p_1p/transient/params.input
@@ -0,0 +1,54 @@
+[TimeLoop]
+TEnd = 20
+DtInitial = 1e-3
+
+[PNM.Grid]
+LowerLeft = 0 0
+UpperRight = 1e-2 1e-2
+NumPores = 3 3
+PoreInscribedRadius = 5e-4
+ThroatInscribedRadius = 5e-4
+SubstractRadiiFromThroatLength = true
+BoundaryPoreLabels = xMin:1 xMax:1 yMin:1 yMax:1
+DeletionProbability = 0 0 1 1
+RemoveThroatsOnBoundary = 3
+PoreGeometry = Cube
+ThroatCrossSectionShape = Square
+
+[FreeFlow.Grid]
+LowerLeft = -0.0024 1e-2
+UpperRight = 0.0124 1.2e-2
+UpstreamCells0 = 5
+CellsPerPore = 3
+DownstreamCells0 = 5
+Cells1 = 6
+
+[Problem]
+Name = test
+EnableGravity = false
+SingleThroatTest = false
+
+[FreeFlow.Problem]
+Name = ff
+PressureDifference = 1
+EnableInertiaTerms = false
+Height = 10e-4
+
+[PNM.Problem]
+Name = pnm
+
+[Vtk]
+OutputName = test
+
+[Component]
+LiquidDensity = 1e3
+LiquidKinematicViscosity = 1e-6
+
+[Assembly]
+NumericDifference.BaseEpsilon = 1e-4
+
+[FluxOverAxisAlignedSurface]
+Verbose = false
+
+[SpatialParams]
+Temperature = 298.0
diff --git a/test/multidomain/boundary/freeflowporousmedium/1p_1p/CMakeLists.txt b/test/multidomain/boundary/freeflowporousmedium/1p_1p/CMakeLists.txt
index a7055032b8e94a5e77c6fbe837f4cdcaf77534c8..45cfdc18d60071cfe6a3127e58e7cfc83442166c 100644
--- a/test/multidomain/boundary/freeflowporousmedium/1p_1p/CMakeLists.txt
+++ b/test/multidomain/boundary/freeflowporousmedium/1p_1p/CMakeLists.txt
@@ -2,6 +2,7 @@
 # SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-3.0-or-later
 
 add_subdirectory(convergence)
+add_subdirectory(transient)
 
 add_input_file_links()
 
diff --git a/test/multidomain/boundary/freeflowporousmedium/1p_1p/problem_darcy.hh b/test/multidomain/boundary/freeflowporousmedium/1p_1p/problem_darcy.hh
index ae2778741c6d8d7ba8e53c33546965d73d2f7ec6..99003fd805d3d57f7768d3cbd440087a62a04a73 100644
--- a/test/multidomain/boundary/freeflowporousmedium/1p_1p/problem_darcy.hh
+++ b/test/multidomain/boundary/freeflowporousmedium/1p_1p/problem_darcy.hh
@@ -134,7 +134,11 @@ public:
      * \param element The element
      */
     PrimaryVariables initial(const Element &element) const
-    { return PrimaryVariables(0.0); }
+    {
+        PrimaryVariables values(0.0);
+        values = initialPressure_;
+        return values;
+    }
 
     // \}
 
@@ -151,6 +155,7 @@ private:
     std::shared_ptr<CouplingManager> couplingManager_;
     std::string problemName_;
     bool verticalFlow_;
+    Scalar initialPressure_;
 };
 
 } // end namespace Dumux
diff --git a/test/multidomain/boundary/freeflowporousmedium/1p_1p/problem_freeflow.hh b/test/multidomain/boundary/freeflowporousmedium/1p_1p/problem_freeflow.hh
index a11c9c939711d4344f928f861ef287d24f5a7463..063ee3d2de32de083936e9ba84b46dba507255d6 100644
--- a/test/multidomain/boundary/freeflowporousmedium/1p_1p/problem_freeflow.hh
+++ b/test/multidomain/boundary/freeflowporousmedium/1p_1p/problem_freeflow.hh
@@ -63,6 +63,7 @@ public:
     , couplingManager_(couplingManager)
     {
         problemName_ = getParam<std::string>("Vtk.OutputName") + "_" + getParamFromGroup<std::string>(this->paramGroup(), "Problem.Name");
+        initialPressure_ = getParamFromGroup<Scalar>(this->paramGroup(), "Problem.InitialPressure", 0.0);
         deltaP_ = getParamFromGroup<Scalar>(this->paramGroup(), "Problem.PressureDifference", 0.0);
 
         // determine whether to simulate a vertical or horizontal flow configuration
@@ -227,6 +228,18 @@ public:
         return values;
     }
 
+    // The following function defines the initial conditions
+    InitialValues initialAtPos(const GlobalPosition &globalPos) const
+    {
+        InitialValues values(0.0); //velocity is 0.0
+
+        if constexpr (!ParentType::isMomentumProblem())
+        {
+            values[Indices::pressureIdx] = initialPressure_;
+        }
+        return values;
+    }
+
     /*!
      * \brief Returns true if the scvf lies on a porous slip boundary
      */
@@ -281,6 +294,7 @@ private:
 
     std::string problemName_;
     static constexpr Scalar eps_ = 1e-6;
+    Scalar initialPressure_;
     Scalar deltaP_;
     bool verticalFlow_;
 
diff --git a/test/multidomain/boundary/freeflowporousmedium/1p_1p/transient/CMakeLists.txt b/test/multidomain/boundary/freeflowporousmedium/1p_1p/transient/CMakeLists.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..43c711196ea3d7637f246b74a0fe92500b658a19
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/multidomain/boundary/freeflowporousmedium/1p_1p/transient/CMakeLists.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+# SPDX-FileCopyrightInfo: Copyright © DuMux Project contributors, see AUTHORS.md in root folder
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-3.0-or-later
+
+add_input_file_links()
+
+dumux_add_test(NAME test_md_boundary_ff1p_pm1p_transient
+              LABELS multidomain multidomain_boundary stokesdarcy 1p navierstokes
+              SOURCES main.cc
+              CMAKE_GUARD HAVE_UMFPACK
+              COMMAND ${CMAKE_SOURCE_DIR}/bin/testing/runtest.py
+              CMD_ARGS  --script fuzzy
+                        --files ${CMAKE_SOURCE_DIR}/test/references/test_md_boundary_ff1p_pm1p_transient_freeflow-reference.vtu
+                                ${CMAKE_CURRENT_BINARY_DIR}/test_md_boundary_ff1p_pm1p_transient_freeflow-00019.vtu
+                                ${CMAKE_SOURCE_DIR}/test/references/test_md_boundary_ff1p_pm1p_transient_darcy-reference.vtu
+                                ${CMAKE_CURRENT_BINARY_DIR}/test_md_boundary_ff1p_pm1p_transient_darcy-00019.vtu
+                        --command "${CMAKE_CURRENT_BINARY_DIR}/test_md_boundary_ff1p_pm1p_transient params.input
+                                   -Vtk.OutputName test_md_boundary_ff1p_pm1p_transient")
diff --git a/test/multidomain/boundary/freeflowporousmedium/1p_1p/transient/main.cc b/test/multidomain/boundary/freeflowporousmedium/1p_1p/transient/main.cc
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..217141cab3f2c3a8fbbbb6b524c334a27f002c42
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/multidomain/boundary/freeflowporousmedium/1p_1p/transient/main.cc
@@ -0,0 +1,207 @@
+// -*- mode: C++; tab-width: 4; indent-tabs-mode: nil; c-basic-offset: 4 -*-
+// vi: set et ts=4 sw=4 sts=4:
+//
+// SPDX-FileCopyrightInfo: Copyright © DuMux Project contributors, see AUTHORS.md in root folder
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-3.0-or-later
+//
+/*!
+ * \file
+ * \ingroup BoundaryTests
+ * \brief A test problem for the coupled Stokes/Darcy problem (1p).
+ */
+
+#include <config.h>
+
+#include <ctime>
+#include <iostream>
+
+#include <dune/common/parallel/mpihelper.hh>
+#include <dune/common/timer.hh>
+
+#include <dumux/common/initialize.hh>
+#include <dumux/common/properties.hh>
+#include <dumux/common/parameters.hh>
+#include <dumux/common/dumuxmessage.hh>
+#include <dumux/linear/istlsolvers.hh>
+#include <dumux/linear/linearsolvertraits.hh>
+#include <dumux/linear/linearalgebratraits.hh>
+#include <dumux/assembly/fvassembler.hh>
+#include <dumux/assembly/diffmethod.hh>
+#include <dumux/discretization/method.hh>
+#include <dumux/io/vtkoutputmodule.hh>
+#include <dumux/io/grid/gridmanager_yasp.hh>
+
+#include <dumux/multidomain/fvassembler.hh>
+#include <dumux/multidomain/newtonsolver.hh>
+#include <dumux/freeflow/navierstokes/velocityoutput.hh>
+
+#include "../properties.hh"
+
+int main(int argc, char** argv)
+{
+    using namespace Dumux;
+
+    // maybe initialize MPI and/or multithreading backend
+    Dumux::initialize(argc, argv);
+    const auto& mpiHelper = Dune::MPIHelper::instance();
+
+    // print dumux start message
+    if (mpiHelper.rank() == 0)
+        DumuxMessage::print(/*firstCall=*/true);
+
+    // parse command line arguments and input file
+    Parameters::init(argc, argv);
+
+    // Define the sub problem type tags
+    using FreeFlowMomentumTypeTag = Properties::TTag::FreeFlowOnePMomentum;
+    using FreeFlowMassTypeTag = Properties::TTag::FreeFlowOnePMass;
+    using DarcyTypeTag = Properties::TTag::DarcyOneP;
+
+    // try to create a grid (from the given grid file or the input file)
+    // for both sub-domains
+    using DarcyGridManager = Dumux::GridManager<GetPropType<DarcyTypeTag, Properties::Grid>>;
+    DarcyGridManager darcyGridManager;
+    darcyGridManager.init("Darcy"); // pass parameter group
+
+    using FreeFlowGridManager = Dumux::GridManager<GetPropType<FreeFlowMomentumTypeTag, Properties::Grid>>;
+    FreeFlowGridManager freeFlowGridManager;
+    freeFlowGridManager.init("FreeFlow"); // pass parameter group
+
+    // we compute on the leaf grid view
+    const auto& darcyGridView = darcyGridManager.grid().leafGridView();
+    const auto& freeFlowGridView = freeFlowGridManager.grid().leafGridView();
+
+    // create the finite volume grid geometry
+    using FreeFlowMomentumGridGeometry = GetPropType<FreeFlowMomentumTypeTag, Properties::GridGeometry>;
+    auto freeFlowMomentumGridGeometry = std::make_shared<FreeFlowMomentumGridGeometry>(freeFlowGridView);
+    using FreeFlowMassGridGeometry = GetPropType<FreeFlowMassTypeTag, Properties::GridGeometry>;
+    auto freeFlowMassGridGeometry = std::make_shared<FreeFlowMassGridGeometry>(freeFlowGridView);
+    using DarcyGridGeometry = GetPropType<DarcyTypeTag, Properties::GridGeometry>;
+    auto darcyGridGeometry = std::make_shared<DarcyGridGeometry>(darcyGridView);
+
+    using Traits = MultiDomainTraits<FreeFlowMomentumTypeTag, FreeFlowMassTypeTag, DarcyTypeTag>;
+    using CouplingManager = FreeFlowPorousMediumCouplingManager<Traits>;
+    auto couplingManager = std::make_shared<CouplingManager>();
+
+    // the indices
+    constexpr auto freeFlowMomentumIndex = CouplingManager::freeFlowMomentumIndex;
+    constexpr auto freeFlowMassIndex = CouplingManager::freeFlowMassIndex;
+    constexpr auto porousMediumIndex = CouplingManager::porousMediumIndex;
+
+    // the problem (initial and boundary conditions)
+    using FreeFlowMomentumProblem = GetPropType<FreeFlowMomentumTypeTag, Properties::Problem>;
+    auto freeFlowMomentumProblem = std::make_shared<FreeFlowMomentumProblem>(freeFlowMomentumGridGeometry, couplingManager);
+    using FreeFlowMassProblem = GetPropType<FreeFlowMassTypeTag, Properties::Problem>;
+    auto freeFlowMassProblem = std::make_shared<FreeFlowMassProblem>(freeFlowMassGridGeometry, couplingManager);
+    using DarcyProblem = GetPropType<DarcyTypeTag, Properties::Problem>;
+    auto darcyProblem = std::make_shared<DarcyProblem>(darcyGridGeometry, couplingManager);
+
+    // the solution vector
+    Traits::SolutionVector sol;
+    sol[freeFlowMomentumIndex].resize(freeFlowMomentumGridGeometry->numDofs());
+    sol[freeFlowMassIndex].resize(freeFlowMassGridGeometry->numDofs());
+    sol[porousMediumIndex].resize(darcyGridGeometry->numDofs());
+    freeFlowMassProblem->applyInitialSolution(sol[freeFlowMassIndex]);
+    freeFlowMomentumProblem->applyInitialSolution(sol[freeFlowMomentumIndex]);
+    darcyProblem->applyInitialSolution(sol[porousMediumIndex]);
+    auto solOld = sol;
+
+    // the grid variables
+    using FreeFlowMomentumGridVariables = GetPropType<FreeFlowMomentumTypeTag, Properties::GridVariables>;
+    auto freeFlowMomentumGridVariables = std::make_shared<FreeFlowMomentumGridVariables>(freeFlowMomentumProblem, freeFlowMomentumGridGeometry);
+    using DarcyGridVariables = GetPropType<DarcyTypeTag, Properties::GridVariables>;
+    using FreeFlowMassGridVariables = GetPropType<FreeFlowMassTypeTag, Properties::GridVariables>;
+    auto freeFlowMassGridVariables = std::make_shared<FreeFlowMassGridVariables>(freeFlowMassProblem, freeFlowMassGridGeometry);
+    using DarcyGridVariables = GetPropType<DarcyTypeTag, Properties::GridVariables>;
+    auto darcyGridVariables = std::make_shared<DarcyGridVariables>(darcyProblem, darcyGridGeometry);
+
+    couplingManager->init(freeFlowMomentumProblem, freeFlowMassProblem, darcyProblem,
+                          std::make_tuple(freeFlowMomentumGridVariables, freeFlowMassGridVariables, darcyGridVariables),
+                          sol, solOld);
+
+    freeFlowMomentumGridVariables->init(sol[freeFlowMomentumIndex]);
+    freeFlowMassGridVariables->init(sol[freeFlowMassIndex]);
+    darcyGridVariables->init(sol[porousMediumIndex]);
+
+    // We get some time loop parameters from the input file
+    // and instantiate the time loop
+    using Scalar = typename Traits::Scalar;
+    const auto tEnd = getParam<Scalar>("TimeLoop.TEnd");
+    const auto maxDt = getParam<Scalar>("TimeLoop.MaxTimeStepSize");
+    const auto dt = getParam<Scalar>("TimeLoop.DtInitial");
+    auto timeLoop = std::make_shared<TimeLoop<Scalar>>(0, dt, tEnd);
+    timeLoop->setMaxTimeStepSize(maxDt);
+
+        // the assembler for a stationary problem
+    using Assembler = MultiDomainFVAssembler<Traits, CouplingManager, DiffMethod::numeric>;
+    auto assembler = std::make_shared<Assembler>(std::make_tuple(freeFlowMomentumProblem, freeFlowMassProblem, darcyProblem),
+                                                 std::make_tuple(freeFlowMomentumGridGeometry,
+                                                                 freeFlowMassGridGeometry,
+                                                                 darcyGridGeometry),
+                                                 std::make_tuple(freeFlowMomentumGridVariables,
+                                                                 freeFlowMassGridVariables,
+                                                                 darcyGridVariables),
+                                                 couplingManager, timeLoop, solOld);
+
+    // the linear solver
+    using LinearSolver = UMFPackIstlSolver<SeqLinearSolverTraits, LinearAlgebraTraitsFromAssembler<Assembler>>;
+    auto linearSolver = std::make_shared<LinearSolver>();
+
+    // the non-linear solver
+    using NewtonSolver = MultiDomainNewtonSolver<Assembler, LinearSolver, CouplingManager>;
+    NewtonSolver nonLinearSolver(assembler, linearSolver, couplingManager);
+
+    // initialize the vtk output module
+    VtkOutputModule vtkWriterFF(*freeFlowMassGridVariables, sol[freeFlowMassIndex], freeFlowMassProblem->name());
+    GetPropType<FreeFlowMassTypeTag, Properties::IOFields>::initOutputModule(vtkWriterFF); // Add model specific output fields
+    vtkWriterFF.addVelocityOutput(std::make_shared<NavierStokesVelocityOutput<FreeFlowMassGridVariables>>());
+
+    VtkOutputModule pmVtkWriter(*darcyGridVariables, sol[porousMediumIndex],  darcyProblem->name());
+    GetPropType<DarcyTypeTag, Properties::IOFields>::initOutputModule(pmVtkWriter);
+    pmVtkWriter.addVelocityOutput(std::make_shared<GetPropType<DarcyTypeTag, Properties::VelocityOutput>>(*darcyGridVariables));
+
+
+    // write vtk output
+    vtkWriterFF.write(0.0);
+    pmVtkWriter.write(0.0);
+
+        // timeloop
+    timeLoop->start(); do
+    {
+        // solve the non-linear system with time step control
+        nonLinearSolver.solve(sol, *timeLoop);
+
+        // make the new solution the old solution.
+        solOld = sol;
+        freeFlowMassGridVariables->advanceTimeStep();
+        freeFlowMomentumGridVariables->advanceTimeStep();
+        darcyGridVariables->advanceTimeStep();
+
+        // advance to the time loop to the next step.
+        timeLoop->advanceTimeStep();
+
+        // write vtk output for each time step.
+        vtkWriterFF.write(timeLoop->time());
+        pmVtkWriter.write(timeLoop->time());
+
+        // report statistics of this time step.
+        timeLoop->reportTimeStep();
+
+        // set a new dt as suggested by the newton solver for the next time step.
+        timeLoop->setTimeStepSize(nonLinearSolver.suggestTimeStepSize(timeLoop->timeStepSize()));
+
+    } while (!timeLoop->finished());
+
+    ////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+    // finalize, print dumux message to say goodbye
+    ////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+
+    // print dumux end message
+    if (mpiHelper.rank() == 0)
+    {
+        Parameters::print();
+        DumuxMessage::print(/*firstCall=*/false);
+    }
+
+    return 0;
+} // end main
diff --git a/test/multidomain/boundary/freeflowporousmedium/1p_1p/transient/params.input b/test/multidomain/boundary/freeflowporousmedium/1p_1p/transient/params.input
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..ba6a35dc88c7068e0644db255588e3cef2c72240
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/multidomain/boundary/freeflowporousmedium/1p_1p/transient/params.input
@@ -0,0 +1,40 @@
+[TimeLoop]
+TEnd = 20
+DtInitial = 1e-3
+
+[Darcy.Grid]
+UpperRight = 1 1
+Cells = 20 20
+
+[FreeFlow.Grid]
+LowerLeft = 0 1
+UpperRight = 1 2
+Cells = 20 20
+
+[FreeFlow.Problem]
+Name = freeflow
+PressureDifference = 1e-9
+
+[Darcy.Problem]
+Name = darcy
+
+[Darcy.SpatialParams]
+Permeability = 1e-6 # m^2
+AlphaBeaversJoseph = 1.0
+
+[Component]
+LiquidKinematicViscosity = 1e-6
+LiquidDensity = 1e3
+
+[Vtk]
+OutputName = test_md_boundary_freeflow1p_darcy1p_transient
+
+[Problem]
+EnableGravity = false
+EnableInertiaTerms = false
+
+[Vtk]
+AddVelocity = 1
+
+[SpatialParams]
+Temperature = 298.0
diff --git a/test/references/test_md_boundary_ff1p_pm1p_transient_darcy-reference.vtu b/test/references/test_md_boundary_ff1p_pm1p_transient_darcy-reference.vtu
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..9df6bb547a4b639aa671747b2f9b49948f8b945f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/references/test_md_boundary_ff1p_pm1p_transient_darcy-reference.vtu
@@ -0,0 +1,508 @@
+<?xml version="1.0"?>
+<VTKFile type="UnstructuredGrid" version="0.1" byte_order="LittleEndian">
+  <UnstructuredGrid>
+    <Piece NumberOfCells="400" NumberOfPoints="441">
+      <CellData Scalars="p" Vectors="velocity_liq (m/s)">
+        <DataArray type="Float32" Name="p" NumberOfComponents="1" format="ascii">
+          5.35046e-10 5.34181e-10 5.32474e-10 5.29966e-10 5.26721e-10 5.22818e-10 5.18355e-10 5.13442e-10 5.08199e-10 5.02756e-10 4.97244e-10 4.91801e-10
+          4.86558e-10 4.81645e-10 4.77182e-10 4.73279e-10 4.70034e-10 4.67526e-10 4.65819e-10 4.64954e-10 5.3591e-10 5.35024e-10 5.33274e-10 5.30704e-10
+          5.27378e-10 5.23379e-10 5.18805e-10 5.13771e-10 5.084e-10 5.02823e-10 4.97177e-10 4.916e-10 4.86229e-10 4.81194e-10 4.76621e-10 4.72622e-10
+          4.69296e-10 4.66726e-10 4.64976e-10 4.6409e-10 5.37661e-10 5.36731e-10 5.34894e-10 5.32197e-10 5.28708e-10 5.24513e-10 5.19717e-10 5.14438e-10
+          5.08806e-10 5.0296e-10 4.9704e-10 4.91194e-10 4.85562e-10 4.80283e-10 4.75487e-10 4.71292e-10 4.67803e-10 4.65106e-10 4.63269e-10 4.62339e-10
+          5.40342e-10 5.39345e-10 5.37375e-10 5.34484e-10 5.30744e-10 5.26249e-10 5.21111e-10 5.15458e-10 5.09428e-10 5.03168e-10 4.96832e-10 4.90572e-10
+          4.84542e-10 4.78889e-10 4.73751e-10 4.69256e-10 4.65516e-10 4.62625e-10 4.60655e-10 4.59658e-10 5.4402e-10 5.4293e-10 5.40778e-10 5.37619e-10
+          5.33534e-10 5.28627e-10 5.23021e-10 5.16854e-10 5.10279e-10 5.03454e-10 4.96546e-10 4.89721e-10 4.83146e-10 4.76979e-10 4.71373e-10 4.66466e-10
+          4.62381e-10 4.59222e-10 4.5707e-10 4.5598e-10 5.48789e-10 5.47578e-10 5.45187e-10 5.41679e-10 5.37146e-10 5.31705e-10 5.25491e-10 5.1866e-10
+          5.11378e-10 5.03823e-10 4.96177e-10 4.88622e-10 4.8134e-10 4.74509e-10 4.68296e-10 4.62854e-10 4.58321e-10 4.54813e-10 4.52422e-10 4.51211e-10
+          5.54769e-10 5.53404e-10 5.50712e-10 5.46765e-10 5.41668e-10 5.35554e-10 5.28578e-10 5.20915e-10 5.12752e-10 5.04285e-10 4.95716e-10 4.87248e-10
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+          4.52684e-10 4.35083e-10 4.18833e-10 4.04352e-10 3.92063e-10 3.82381e-10 3.75679e-10 3.72247e-10 6.49262e-10 6.45113e-10 6.37053e-10 6.25497e-10
+          6.10949e-10 5.93941e-10 5.74987e-10 5.54571e-10 5.3314e-10 5.11112e-10 4.88888e-10 4.6686e-10 4.45429e-10 4.25013e-10 4.06059e-10 3.89051e-10
+          3.74503e-10 3.62947e-10 3.54887e-10 3.50738e-10 6.7492e-10 6.69814e-10 6.59984e-10 6.46048e-10 6.28711e-10 6.08661e-10 5.8652e-10 5.62841e-10
+          5.38111e-10 5.12771e-10 4.87229e-10 4.61889e-10 4.37159e-10 4.1348e-10 3.91339e-10 3.71289e-10 3.53952e-10 3.40016e-10 3.30186e-10 3.2508e-10
+          7.05684e-10 6.9924e-10 6.8702e-10 6.70001e-10 6.49188e-10 6.2547e-10 5.99591e-10 5.72162e-10 5.43694e-10 5.1463e-10 4.8537e-10 4.56306e-10
+          4.27838e-10 4.00409e-10 3.7453e-10 3.50812e-10 3.29999e-10 3.1298e-10 3.0076e-10 2.94316e-10 7.42891e-10 7.34444e-10 7.18853e-10 6.97748e-10
+          6.72569e-10 6.44441e-10 6.14211e-10 5.82521e-10 5.49873e-10 5.16683e-10 4.83317e-10 4.50127e-10 4.17479e-10 3.85789e-10 3.55559e-10 3.27431e-10
+          3.02252e-10 2.81147e-10 2.65556e-10 2.57109e-10 7.88545e-10 7.76792e-10 7.562e-10 7.29569e-10 6.98899e-10 6.65513e-10 6.30291e-10 5.93838e-10
+          5.56596e-10 5.18913e-10 4.81087e-10 4.43404e-10 4.06162e-10 3.69709e-10 3.34487e-10 3.01101e-10 2.70431e-10 2.438e-10 2.23208e-10 2.11455e-10
+          8.45952e-10 8.27979e-10 7.99587e-10 7.6543e-10 7.27944e-10 6.88422e-10 6.47602e-10 6.05944e-10 5.63759e-10 5.21284e-10 4.78716e-10 4.36241e-10
+          3.94056e-10 3.52398e-10 3.11578e-10 2.72056e-10 2.3457e-10 2.00413e-10 1.72021e-10 1.54048e-10 9.21333e-10 8.89585e-10 8.48738e-10 8.04621e-10
+          7.59025e-10 7.12628e-10 6.65753e-10 6.18576e-10 5.71213e-10 5.23748e-10 4.76252e-10 4.28787e-10 3.81424e-10 3.34247e-10 2.87372e-10 2.40975e-10
+          1.95379e-10 1.51262e-10 1.10415e-10 7.86669e-11
+        </DataArray>
+        <DataArray type="Float32" Name="velocity_liq (m/s)" NumberOfComponents="3" format="ascii">
+          8.64555e-15 -8.64555e-15 0 2.57202e-14 -8.42914e-15 0 4.21518e-14 -8.00243e-15 0 5.75315e-14 -7.37731e-15 0
+          7.14797e-14 -6.57086e-15 0 8.36551e-14 -5.60451e-15 0 9.37628e-14 -4.50324e-15 0 1.01561e-13 -3.29466e-15 0
+          1.06864e-13 -2.00824e-15 0 1.09547e-13 -6.74675e-16 0 1.09547e-13 6.74675e-16 0 1.06864e-13 2.00824e-15 0
+          1.01561e-13 3.29466e-15 0 9.37628e-14 4.50324e-15 0 8.36551e-14 5.60451e-15 0 7.14797e-14 6.57086e-15 0
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+          7.32525e-14 -1.98725e-14 0 8.57227e-14 -1.69485e-14 0 9.60727e-14 -1.3617e-14 0 1.04056e-13 -9.9618e-15 0
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+          1.04056e-13 9.9618e-15 0 9.60727e-14 1.3617e-14 0 8.57227e-14 1.69485e-14 0 7.32525e-14 1.98725e-14 0
+          5.89631e-14 2.23133e-14 0 4.32036e-14 2.42057e-14 0 2.63634e-14 2.54977e-14 0 8.86196e-15 2.61531e-14 0
+          9.30088e-15 -4.43159e-14 0 2.76676e-14 -4.3203e-14 0 4.53362e-14 -4.10094e-14 0 6.18648e-14 -3.77977e-14 0
+          7.68446e-14 -3.36572e-14 0 8.99105e-14 -2.86998e-14 0 1.00749e-13 -2.30546e-14 0 1.09106e-13 -1.68637e-14 0
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diff --git a/test/references/test_md_boundary_ff1p_pm1p_transient_freeflow-reference.vtu b/test/references/test_md_boundary_ff1p_pm1p_transient_freeflow-reference.vtu
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..913e2ddedd9236a599d0ff287969c286c5e99956
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/references/test_md_boundary_ff1p_pm1p_transient_freeflow-reference.vtu
@@ -0,0 +1,544 @@
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diff --git a/test/references/test_md_boundary_ff1p_pnm1p_transient_ff-reference.vtu b/test/references/test_md_boundary_ff1p_pnm1p_transient_ff-reference.vtu
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..204103edb8514d47e1188b14d99843dff319822d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/references/test_md_boundary_ff1p_pnm1p_transient_ff-reference.vtu
@@ -0,0 +1,367 @@
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diff --git a/test/references/test_md_boundary_ff1p_pnm1p_transient_pnm-reference.vtp b/test/references/test_md_boundary_ff1p_pnm1p_transient_pnm-reference.vtp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..00573c5c3781065f2a59ac4664d47d069b7aff09
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/references/test_md_boundary_ff1p_pnm1p_transient_pnm-reference.vtp
@@ -0,0 +1,57 @@
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