Draft: [ci] use Ubuntu 24.04 images

What this MR does / why does DuMux need it:

Start using Ubuntu 24.04 images to run the CI. Requires different installation of Python packages used in the CI !3786 (merged). Depends on dumux-docker-ci!42.

Notes for the reviewer

TODO: insert text here

Before you request a review from someone, make sure to revise the following points:

• does the new code follow the style guide?
• do the test pipelines pass? (see guide on how to run pipelines for a merge request)
• is the code you changed and/or the new code you wrote covered in the test suite? (if not, extend the existing tests or write new ones)
• does your change affect public interfaces or behavior, or, does it introduce a new feature? If so, document the change in CHANGELOG.md.
• is the list of the header includes complete? ("include what you use")
• all files have to end with a \n character. Make sure there is no \ No newline at end of file comment in "Changes" of this MR.